Category: Urban Sociology

Just Art for a Just City: Public Art and Social Inclusion in Urban Regeneration

Cited in http://www.publicspace.org/en/text-library/eng/b003-collective-culture-and-urban-public-space

http://usj.sagepub.com/content/42/5-6/1001.abstract

Abstract

In this article, it is shown how cultural policy, and in particular public art, intersects with the processes of urban restructuring and how it is a contributor, but also antidote, to the conflict that typically surrounds the restructuring of urban space. The particular focus of the paper is on investigating how public art can be inclusionary/exclusionary as part of the wider project of urban regeneration. The first part of the paper examines examples in which public art intervention has attempted to generate inclusion. Subsequently, attention focuses more on examples in which the public art has been perceived as an aspect of cultural domination and has thus provoked resistance. Throughout, it is argued that the processes through which artworks become installed into the urban fabric are critical to the successful development of inclusion.

Fieldwork: 原宿ポケットパーク、Jan23rd, 2012

笠原氏：イベント主催 (NPO法人未来テレビ　http://www.miraitv.com/）
 山内氏：ディレクション

山内氏と自分は知人。

山内氏からポケットパーク活動についてのお知らせメールを受け取ったことがあった。

メールで連絡し、あうことに。

笠原氏とは、初対面。

笠原氏、山内氏は（ポケットパークの件のあとで）日本橋の件をもちだしてよいか（私がそれに興味をもつのか）迷ったとのこと。

＊

原宿ポケットパーク概要

  • なりたち
  • 財源

山内：

  • バンクーバーに、ミルエンズパークというのがある、１ｍ四方の花壇なのだが、新聞記者が勝手に世話して、記事を書いて盛り上げたので、皆知っている。
  • われわれは、ポケットパークという言葉を使っているけど、これは、本来は小さな、でも造園的にフルにできあがった公園のこと、。
  • やっていることとしては、コミュニティガーデンに近いが、実は参加者は、笠原が原宿在住であるものの、近隣住民との接点がない。
  • 本当は、町内会とかとやりたいのだけど、それはまだ。近所の人との交流がない。
  • 参加者は、シブヤ大学や、日本橋のインキュベーションスペース（後述）のコミュニティのメンバーをさそっている。
  • コミュニティガーデンという言葉と考え方は、最近、行政に浸透している。

笠原：

  • このへんに住んでいる。
  • 今ちょうど、はじめて１年経った。
  • 公共性、コミュニティの重要性に気づいているが、あまりがんばりすぎず、いる人でできる人の範囲でやってゆきたい。
  • （目的について、要確認）

山内：

  • 現代芸術作家。絵画、彫刻を作っている。
  • 最近は、この活動も含めて、ディレク所ンの仕事もしている。展覧会のまとめ役（日本橋のスペースでのアートnpoが主催）もした。
  • 四季の出来事：食べ物をそこで作って、配る（要確認、誰に？）
    • 参加しやすいイベントからできる、コミュニティを目指したい。
    • たとえば、料理のイベントなら、それがとくいな人を呼んでくる。
  • 個人的には、ホームレスだってはいってきていいと思っている。
  • 管理の問題を考えることがよくある。（そこからの発想と、行動）
    • （自分の作ったものが、こういった場所で管理の手間かからず居続けられるようにという発想から）陶芸を学んでみるようになった。
    • 植木鉢を作ったりしている。
    • 自分個人、（作家として）そういう機会を得られた。
    • この先も、怒られない範囲でいろいろ造園的なことまでやってゆきたい。
  • 料理を作ったり、そのほかのことも、これから仕事にするための、特に若い人にとっての最初のチャンスに、ここでの活動がなればと思っている。（この視点と思いは、日本橋のスペースに対しても共通しているようだ）
  • 安く、いいものを作るには？ということを考えるようになった。
    • そういう意味では、’もちつき’をやったのは、よかった。
  • （光について）マチスの教会を、調べたらどうか？

笠原：

  • １０００人規模の会社で、いずれは経営（トップ）側にはいってゆく立場にいる。
  • プライベートとパブリックのことが、気になっている。
  • １０００人規模の会社だが、家族らしさが残っている。
  • R&D,新規事業開拓の担当をしている。
  • アメリカ赴任時、メキシコでの貧富の格差の現実を見て、自分に何ができるのかを悩んだ。
  • 自分の’人をまとめる力”に気づいた。
    • マネジメントをしたいと思った。
  • ここでは、こつこつやる中で、コミュニティができてきたと思う。
  • キックオフのときは、自分の仕事の研究調査費（？）から小さいが資金をだした。
  • 日本橋でのシェアオフィスプロジェクトをはじめて、そこでコミュニティキッチン’社員食堂’と呼ぶ、をつくり、外の人との会を週に１回やっている。

コミュニティデザイン　人がつながるしくみをつくる　山崎亮　学芸出版社　２０１１年

Revision History:

Aug8th,2011 Write table of contents, read until Part3 p103

（書評）

http://www.gakugei-pub.jp/mokuroku/syohyo/back/5389.htm

参考図書

まちづくりの方法と技術 コミュニティ・デザイン・プライマー』（ランドルフ・T.ヘスター／土肥真人, 1997）

巻頭：

  • 僕たちの仕事は地域に住む人の話を聞き出すことから始まる。
  • モノを作るのをやめると、人が見えてきた。
  • １００万人の人が一度訪ねる島ではなく、１万人の人が１００回訪れたくなる島
  • 課題を見つけたらすぐに企画書を書くこと。必要に応じて何度も書き直すこと
  • デザインは社会の課題を解決するためのツールである。
  • 状況はまだまだ好転させられる

はじめに：

  • 問題意識
  • コミュニティデザインという用語は、６０年代日本では、ニュータウン建設過程でよく登場した。
  • ６０年代ニュータウンには、互いに結びつきのない人々が全国から集まってきていた。共同で使う場所をつくれば、自然と人の繋がりができるはずだという発想があった。住宅の配置と広場、集会場が対象。
  • ５０年間にニュータウンのみならず、日本全体の無縁社会化が進んだ。住宅の配置で解決できるレベルを越えた。
  • 建築やランドスケープデザインに関わるなか、それだけでは解決できない何かに気付いた。それが人の繋がりのデザイン。
  • 英語では、これら新しい意味のコミュニティデザインをCommunity EnpowermentまたはCommunity Developmentという
  • 本書は
    • ランドスケープデザイン
    • コミュニティデザイン
    • ソーシャルデザイン
  • をカバーする。

Part １：「つくらない」デザインとの出会い

1.公園をつくらない　有馬富士公園　兵庫　１９９９−２００７

2.ひとりでデザインしない　あそびの王国　兵庫　２００１−２００４

3.つくるしくみを考える　ユニセフパークプロジェクト　兵庫　２００１−２００７

Part ２：つくるのをやめると、人がみえてきた

Part ３：コミュニティデザイン　ー人と人を繋げる仕事ー

Part ４：まだまだ状況は好転させられる

Part ５：モノやお金に価値を見いだせない時代に何を求めるのか

Part ６：ソーシャルデザイン　ーコミュニティの力が課題を解決する

 

Design for Ecological Democracy, Randolph T. Hester, 2006

  • Introduction

    • The State of American Habitation
    • Ecological Democracy
    • Life, Death and Rebirth of Ecological Democracy
    • The Marriage of Necessity and Happiness
    • Design of City and Landscape Together
    • Enabling, Resilient, and Impelling Form
      • Enabling Form: “We Got to Know Our Neighbors”
      • Resilient Form: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Sustainable Happiness
      • Impelling Form: “Make a City to Touch the People’s Hearts”
    • The Glocal Design Process
    • The Focus is Design
    • This Book is for Students of Ecological Democracy

 

  • Enabling Form: “We got to know our neighbors”

    • Centeredness
      • Ten Rules for Good Centers
      • Sociopetal Places, Forming Open Circles
        • P32 Social space
        • P33 Sociopetal space/sociofugal space
        • P33 Interaction distances
        • P33 Shaping the community
      • Places for Community Rituals
      • Nourishing Centeredness Every Day
    • Connectedness
      • Interdependent Adjacencies: What Goes Together and What Doesn’t
      • Transformation and Communication That Unify
        • P53 Slow-street neighboring
        • P53 Fast-street neighboring
        • P53 Studying precedents like Milan reveals streets that carry large volumes of traffic with multiple modes and also are comfortable for pedestrians.
      • Chains, Webs, Flows, Networks, Cycles and Recycles
      • Resource Footprints
      • Wildlife Habitats
      • Ecological Thinking
      • Mutualism and Glocalization
      • Outside the Confines of the Box
      • Things That Don’t Go Together but Might
      • Finding Fish Heads and Tails
      • The Lost Mountain, the Power Map, and the Dirt Contractor
    • Fairness
      • Accessibility
        • P80 In one particularly innovative approach to increase access to urban resources, Michael Southworth worked with low-income teens in Oakland to identify the places that they wanted to visit but were difficult to reach.
      • Inclusion
        • P80 Visual integration/ Visual separation
        • P81 Lafayette Square Park
        • P81 2nd paragraph: ..landscape architect Walter Hood was determined not to exclude any users.
      • Equal Distribution of Resources and Amenities
        • P83 Changing participatory emphasis
      • Paying Attention to Design
      • Mapping Injustices
      • Fair Landscapes Empower
        • P87 Arnstein’s ladder in Fruitvale
    • Sensible Status Seeking
    • Sacredness

 

  • Resilient Form: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Sustainable Happiness

    • Particularness
    • Selective Diversity
    • Density and Smallness
    • Limited Extent
    • Adaptability
      • Flexible City Form from Natural Process
      • Landscapes of Adaptability
        • P257 Because it is above ground, Kyoto’s water-distribution system has always served many additional functions, such as cherry-blossom viewing, nature play and local awareness of hydrological cycles.
      • Emptiness
      • Landscape and Building
      • Priority Framework and Piecemeal Intricacy
      • Continuous Experiment, Adaptive Management, and Windows of Opportunity
      • Choice

 

  • Impelling Form: “Make a city to touch the people’s hearts”

    • Everyday Future
      • Designing for What People Do All Day
      • Integrating Present Experience with Change
      • Marking Time
      • Inspiring Visionary Futures with the Everyday
      • Everyday Lessons for Designers
        • P297 Street Performance
        • P297 Extend the street inside
    • Naturalness
      • Naturopathy
      • Naturism
        • P306 Tanner Fountain
        • P307 The Floating Lalu Garden
      • Naturalization
      • The Form to Arouse Naturalness
      • The Natural Park
      • Naturalness Impels
    • Inhabiting Science
      • Urban Ecological Illiteracy
      • Native Wisdom, Science, and the Language of Ecological Democracy
      • How Science Is Inhabited
      • What We Need to Know
      • Learning from the Urban Landscape
      • Discovery Landscapes
      • Cultivating Landscapes
      • Instructive Landscapes
      • Scientific Landscapes
      • Argumentative Landscapes（議論をよぶ）
      • LA96C
    • Reciprocal Stewardship
      • Stewarding and Stewarded
      • Native Stewardship Meets Freedom to Withdraw from Civic Life
      • Ecological Necessity and Voluntary Stewardship
      • Many Places at the Table
        • !P370 Process
      • Making Places for Effective Stewardship
      • The Garden Patch
        • P381,382 In terms of the goals of ecological democracy, stewardship efforts are most successful when they satisfy multiple purposes and are least successful when they focus on narrow, exclusive purposes.
      • Active Responsibility
    • Pacing
      • Light Speed and Snail’s Pace
      • Dwelling Pace
      • Learning to Walk
      • Slouching toward Obesity at Car Speed（前かがみに歩く、病的肥満、車のスピード？）
      • Remedial and Preventive Prescriptions
      • Pathfinders Curb the Car
        • !Compare drawing in this page297 and Street lighting (most of the case designed for whole street, car has priority)
      • Living Symphonic Sequences
      • Metamorphic Walks
      • Grounded
        • !P409, Laurie Olin’s attention to the ground plane changes a utilitarian streetscape into an inviting gathering space
      • Walk All Over


  • Epilogue

  • REFS

    • Enabling form
      • 8.Hester “Place of Participatory Design.”
      • 9.Edward C. Relph,
        • Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976)
        • The Modern Urban Landscape(London: Croom Helm, 1987)

 

 

 

from amazon

Over the last fifty years, the process of community building has been lost in the process of city building. City and suburban design divides us from others in our communities, destroys natural habitats, and fails to provide a joyful context for our lives. In Design for Ecological Democracy, Randolph Hester proposes a remedy for our urban anomie. He outlines new principles for urban design that will allow us to forge connections with our fellow citizens and our natural environment. He demonstrates these principles with abundantly illustrated examples—drawn from forty years of design and planning practice—showing how we can design cities that are ecologically resilient, that enhance community, and that give us pleasure.

Hester argues that it is only by combining the powerful forces of ecology and democracy that the needed revolution in design will take place. Democracy bestows freedom; ecology creates responsible freedom by explaining our interconnectedness with all creatures. Hester’s new design principles are founded on three fundamental issues that integrate democracy and ecology: enabling form, resilient form, and impelling form. Urban design must enable us to be communities rather than zoning-segregated enclaves and to function as informed democracies. A simple bench at a centrally located post office, for example, provides an opportunity for connection and shared experience. Cities must be ecologically resilient rather than ecologically imperiled, adaptable to the surrounding ecology rather than dependent on technological fixes. Resilient form turns increased urban density, for example, into an advantage. And cities should impel us by joy rather than compel us by fear; good cities enrich us rather than limit us. Design for Ecological Democracy is essential reading for designers, planners, environmentalists, community activists, and anyone else who wants to improve a local community.

The city reader, 5th edition, Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout, 2011

The Fifth Edition of the highly successful The City Reader juxtaposes the best classic and contemporary writings on the city. It contains fifty-seven selections including seventeen new selections by Elijah Anderson, Robert Bruegmann, Michael Dear, Jan Gehl, Harvey Molotch, Clarence Perry, Daphne Spain, Nigel Taylor, Samuel Bass Warner, and others –five of which have been newly written exclusively for The City Reader. Classic writings from Ebenezer Howard, Ernest W. Burgess, LeCorbusier, Lewis Mumford, Jane Jacobs, and Louis Wirth, meet the best contemporary writings of Sir Peter Hall, Manuel Castells, David Harvey, Kenneth Jackson and others.

The City Reader Fifth Edition has been extensively updated and expanded to reflect the latest thinking in each of the disciplinary areas included and in topical areas such as sustainable urban development, climate change, globalization, and the impact of technology on cities. The plate sections have been extensively revised and expanded and a new plate section on global cities has been added.

The anthology features general and section introductions and introductions to the selected articles. New to the fifth edition is a bibliography of 100 top books about cities.

Cities for People, Jan Gehl, 2010

http://www.amazon.com/Cities-People-Jan-Gehl/dp/159726573X/ref=pd_sim_b_1

Foreword and preface

  • Foreword
  • Preface
    • interaction between form and life as a crucial precondition for good architecture

1. The human dimension

  • 1.1 The human dimension
    • P3 the human dimension -overlooked, neglected, phased out
    • a question of life and death -for five decades.
  • 1.2 First we shape the cities – then they shape us
    • P10 case: Copenhagen
    • P14 case: Melbourne, 1993 to 2004
  • 1.3 The city as meeting place
    • P20
      • necessary activities -under all conditions
      • optional activities -under good conditions
    • P21 Graphic representation of the connection between outdoor quality and outdoor activities.
    • P25 The city as meeting place – in an historic perspective
    • under pressure from the car invasion and modernistic planning ideology.

2. Scenes and scale

  • 2.1 Senses and scale
    • P32 The basic elements of city architecture are movement space and experience space. The street reflects the linear movement pattern of feet and the square represents the area the eye can take in.
    • P43 Human scale vs Car scale. 5km/h architecture and 60km/h architecture
    • P44 Photos
  • 2.2 Senses and communication
    • P52 Warm, intense contacts between people take place at short distances.
      • small in scale means exciting, intense and “warm” cities
      • large spaces and large buildings signal an impersonal, formal and cool urban environment
  • 2.3 The shattered scale
    • P58 Lack of understanding and respecting the human scale impacts on the great majority of new cities and built-up areas. Buildings and city spaces grow increasingly larger but the people who are expected to use them are as always -small.

3. The lively, safe, sustainable, and healthy city

  • 3.1 The lively city
      • P62 Life in the city is a relative concept. It is not the number of people that counts but the feeling that the place is populated and being used (local streets in Brazil and the Netherlands and a city street in Flashing, NY)
    • City life as process
      • P64 Life in the city is a self-reinforcing process. Something happens because something happens because something happens.
        • Once a children’s game gets going, it can quickly attract more participants.
        • Corresponding process are at work with adult activities.
        • People come where people are.
      • P66 New residential areas are sparsely populated. A century ago seven times more people lived in the same amount of space.
      • It is important to assemble people and events. However, too many and too large outdoor spaces are typically provided for new residential areas. The process that encourage city life never have a chance to get started.
    • Dense city – lively city?
    • How many and how long: quality and quantity
      • P72 A study of outdoor activities in 12 Canadian residential streets
      • lengthy stays mean lively cities.
    • Soft edges -lively cities
      • P75
        • Where city and building meet
        • edges that define space
        • edges as exchange zone
        • edges as staying zone
      • P78
        • soft edges -and hard
        • seven times more city life in front of active facades.
      • P81 closed ground-floor facades -lifeless cities
      • P83 69% took place in or around the semiprivate front yards
        • The remaining 31% of the activities took place in the streets.
    • Lively city -process, time, numbers and invitation
  • 3.2 The safe city
    • The safe city
    • Safety and traffic
    • Safety and security
      • P97 safe city – open city
      • The Death and Life of Great American Cities> importance of safety in the streets. Her expressions ‘street watchers‘ and ‘eyes on the street‘ have since become integral to city planning terminology.
      • safety and society
      • The light from building along city streets can make a significant contribution to the feeling of security when darkness falls
      • life in the city means safer cities – and safe cities provide more life
      • soft edges mean safer cities
  • 3.3 The sustainable city
  • 3.4 The healthy city
    • P112 Exercise by choice
      • Providing opportunities for exercise and self-expression is a logical and valuable answer to the new challenges.
      • Exercise as a cause,a choice and a business opportunity
      • Exercise as natural part of daily life
    • P115 City life, safety, sustainability and health as an integrated city policy!

4. The city at eye level

  • 4.1 The battle for quality is on the small scale
  • 4.2 Good cities for walking
  • 4.3 Good cities for staying
    • P136 Edge effect
    • Good and bad places to sit
    • P145 Movable chairs
  • 4.4 Good cities for meeting
  • 4.5 Self-expression, play, and exercise
    • The city as playground
      • More energy and creativity
      • in good shape(of body)
      • have: indoor life -wanted:fresh air and exercise
      • Good cities have built-in opportunities for play and self-expression. Simple solutions are often the most convincing.
    • P160 Fixed, flexible and fleeting
      • Fixed: Space, furniture and set up.
      • Flexible: Special, often seasonal activities
      • Fleeting: Short term but important activities
  • 4.6 Good places, fine scale
  • 4.7 Good weather at eye level, please
  • 4.8 Beautiful cities, good experiences
    • P176 concern for visual quality must include all urban elements
    • P177 The interplay between functional and spatial qualities has been convincingly treated in Piazza del Campo in Siena, Italy, one of the reasons the square has served as a meeting place for 700 years.
    • P178 aesthetic quality -for all senses
    • P180 Lighting is the focus of conscious artistic treatment in many cities. Pioneering efforts were made in Lyon in the years after 1990.
  • 4.9 Good cities for bicycling

5. Life, space, buildings -in that order

  • 5.1 The Brazilia Syndrome
  • 5.2 Life, space, buildings – in that order
    • P208 Ponpidou Center/Guggenheim Bilbao VS Melbourne Museum in Federation Square/ Opera house Oslo for urban mountain climbing.
    • P209 making life in the cities visible.

6. Developing cities

  • 6.1 Developing cities
  • 6.2 The human dimension – a universal starting point

7. Toolbox

  • Planning principles: to assemble or disperse
  • Four traffic planning principles
  • To invite or repel -seeing and hearing contacts
  • The city at eye level:
    • 12 quality idea
    • designing the ground floor
  • Reordering priorities, please

Appendix

  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Illustrations and photos
  • Index

 

From Publishers Weekly

Starred Review. In this fascinating look inside the key architectural factors that determine a city’s livability, award-winning Danish architect and author Gehl (Public Spaces, Public Life) examines the factors he deems essential to a successful city. Not surprisingly, places designed without good room for safe walking and biking lead to a sedentary life “behind steering wheel and computer screen.” A “lively” city, on the other hand, “counters the trend for people to withdraw into gated communities… serving a democratic function where people encounter social diversity.” It’s in examining architecture’s psychological effects that Gehl truly shines; public spaces without comfortable seating and properly-scaled “talkscapes” evoking Italian piazzas enact a high human toll and greatly impact how the city functions at eye-level. Soaring, dehumanizing architecture has a diminishing effect on the individual, creating a shocking “high-rise” in crime rates. Even those without a professional interest in architecture will be fascinated by the assertions, like “slow traffic means lively cities,” that Gehl makes. Coming to the conclusion that “a good city is like a good party: guests stay because they are enjoying themselves,” Gehl keeps his latest effort engaging from start to finish. Illus. (Sept.)
(c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.

Review

“This book elaborates on many of Gehl’s seminal ideas, examines some of the world’s cities that have successfully improved over the last few decades, and states the challenges for the future. Many generations will lead happier lives and cities will be more competitive if their leaders heed his advice.”

(Enrique Pe�alosa former Mayor of Bogot�, Colombia 20100426)

“Jan Gehl continues to astonish us with his insight into what really makes cities work. He has a global reach in this book based on work he has done in Europe, Australia, and America with comparative data on how pedestrians use public spaces. The deep appeal is how quickly he has been able to assist some cities in turning their traffic-riddled streets into havens for people.”

(Peter Newman Professor of Sustainability, Curtin University, Australia )

“Jan Gehl’s new manifesto…Pages will be dog-eared, margins annotated… accessibly deployed framework of research and a logical, lucid framework for all the telling details and surprising data. The book organizes a set of observations that will strike some readers as obvious, others as radical, but practically all as convincing, revealing how deeply grounded Gehl”s system is in common sense. This kind of synthesis is no small task, and Gehl performs it with aplomb.”

(ArchNewsNow )

“If Cities for People is widely read and widely applied, the world’s urban life will be immeasurably better.”

(New Urban News )

“Fascinating guide on how to create cities that local residents fall in love with, rather than simply put up with.”

(Shareable: Cities )

“Jan Gehl’s most recent book – Cities for People – brought with it a lot of excitement and expectations. With a track record like his, however, it comes as no surprise that Gehl’s strong perspective, clear prose and rigorous research is not a disappointment. Continuing his quest to secure the importance of the human experience as a top priority when planning and designing cities, Cities for People is a succinct collection of his experience and lessons to-date.”

“Ultimately, Cities for People is one of those books that everybody – no matter what level you are in the industry – is bound to learn from. Clear and accessible, it’s a must-read for students and early practitioners of planning, architecture, and landscape design, as well as anybody interested creating humane pedestrian cities. If one hasn’t read any of Gehl’s previous books, this is also a great place to start.”

(Re:place )

“Jan Gehl is our greatest observer of urban quality and an indispensable philosopher of cities as solutions to the environmental and health crises that we face. With over half the world’s population now in urban areas, the entire planet needs to learn the lessons he offers in Cities for People.”

(Janette Sadik-Khan Commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation )

The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, Charles Landry, (2nd ed. 2008)

Charles Landry’s page

From Charles Landry’s page on Wikipedia

  • He contrasts the urban engineering approach to cities with creative city making. In the former there is a focus on the physical infrastructure or the hardware of the city, in the latter equal attention is paid to both hardware and software issues. Software is the human dynamics of a place, its connections and relationships as well as atmosphere.

http://www.amazon.com/Creative-City-Toolkit-Urban-Innovators/dp/1844075990/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_2

  • Introduction to 2nd Edition  The Creative City: Its Origins and Futures
    • The Original Idea
    • From Urban Engineering to Creative City-making
    • Creativity as a Currency
    • Creativities: Individual, Organizational and City-wide
    • The Need for Creativity
    • The Power of Cultural Resources
    • The Changing Planning Paradigm
    • People as Assets
      • Making the best of urban assets
    • Leadership: The Asset of Assets
    • The Creative Class
    • The Creative Economy
    • Clustering and Creative Quarters
    • Activating Creative Assets
    • Orchestrating Soft Assets
      • Iconics
      • Design consciousness/awareness  xliii
      • Eco-awareness
      • Art and artistic thinking
      • Atmospherics and experience
      • Associational richness and resonance creation
      • Cultural depth
      • Networking capacity
      • Communication and language skills
    • The Balances Urban Scorecard
    • Where Next?
  • Part One: Urban Groundshifts
    • 1 Rediscovering Urban Creativity
      • Why are some cities successful?
      • Culture moving centre stage
      • The varieties of creativity
    • 2 Urban Problems, Creative Solutions
      • The contemporary city
      • Fault-lines in urbanism
    • 3 The New Thinking
      • Innovative thinking for changing cities
      • Imagine a city
  • Part Two: The Dynamics of Urban Creativity
    • 4 Creative Urban Transformations
      • Embedding a culture of creativity in a smaller city: The Creative Town Initiative.
      • Helsinki: Uncovering a hidden resource
      • Innovation in a non-innovative setting: Emscher Park
      • Seeding innovation: The Urban Pilot Programme
    • 5 Foundations of the Creative City
      • Embedding creativity into the genetic code: The preconditions
      • Personal qualities
      • Will and leadership
      • Human diversity and access to varied talent: Mixing people
      • Organizational culture
      • Fostering strong local identity
      • Urban spaces and facilities: pp119
      • Networking and associative structures
    • 6 The Creative Milieu
      • Origins of interest
      • What is a creative milieu
      • Harnessing the triggers of creativity pp142
      • Conclusion
  • Part Three: A Conceptual Toolkit of Urban Creativity
    • 7 Getting Creative Planning Started
      • What is a conceptual toolkit?
      • The Creative City strategy method
      • Culture and creativity
      • Getting the ideas factory going: Creative tools and techniques
      • Civic creativity
    • 8 Rediscovering Urban Creativity
      • The urban innovations matrix
      • Lifecycle thinking
        • pp206 Table8.1 Economic regeneration
          • Good practice: Refurbishment of industrial buildings
            • for multipurpose uses from offices, to arts centres or exhibition spaces to housing,  1980s onwards
        • pp207 Table 8.2 Environment
        • pp209 Table 8.4 Evaluation
      • Urban R&D
    • 9 Assessing and Sustaining the Creative Process
      • The cycle of urban creativity
      • The Creative City Development Scale
      • New indicators for creative cities
      • Urbanism and urban literacy
  • Part Four: The Creative City and Beyond
    • 10 The Creative City and Beyond
      • Contours of the next wave of creativity and innovation
      • Towards the Learning City
      • From planning to urban strategy making

 

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, William H. Whyte, 2001(reprint of 1980)

http://www.amazon.com/Social-Life-Small-Urban-Spaces/dp/097063241X/ref=pd_sim_b_4

Chapter 1: The Life of Plazas

Chapter 2: Sitting Space

Chapter 3: Sun, Wind, Trees, Water

Chapter 4: Food

Chapter 5: The Street

Chapter 6: The “Undesirables”

Chapter 7: Effective Capacity

Chapter 8: Indoor Spaces

Chapter 9: Concourses and Megastructures

Chapter 10: Smaller Cities and Places

Chapter 11: Triangulation

Appendix A: Time-Lapse Filming

Appendix B: Digest of Open-Space Zoning Provisions, New York City

 

 

Product Description

In 1980, William H. Whyte published the findings from his revolutionary Street Life Project in The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Both the book and the accompanying film were instantly labeled classics, and launched a mini-revolution in the planning and study of public spaces. They have since become standard texts, and appear on syllabi and reading lists in urban planning, sociology, environmental design, and architecture departments around the world.Project for Public Spaces, which grew out of Holly’s Street Life Project and continues his work around the world, has acquired the reprint rights to Social Life, with the intent of making it available to the widest possible audience and ensuring that the Whyte family receive their fair share of Holly’s legacy.

About the Author

William H. Whyte was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1917. He joined the staff of Fortune in 1946, after graduating from Princeton University and serving in the Marine Corps. His book The Organization Man (1956), based on his articles about corporate culture and the suburban middle class, sold more than two million copies. Whyte then turned to the topics of sprawl and urban revitalization, and began a distinguished career as a sage of sane development and an advocate of cities. Along with numerous articles and studies, Whyte edited and co-wrote The Exploding Metropolis (1957), and authored Cluster Development (1964), The Last Landscape (1968), The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980), City: Rediscovering the Center (1988), and A Time of War: Remembering Guadalcanal, a Battle Without Maps (2000). He died in 1999.

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs, (first published in 1961)

http://www.amazon.com/Death-Life-Great-American-Cities/dp/067974195X/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b

From Wikipedia

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, is a greatly influential book on the subject of urban planning in the 20th century. First published in 1961, the book is a critique of modernist planning policies claimed by Jacobs to be destroying many existing inner-city communities. Reserving her most vitriolic criticism for the “rationalist” planners (specifically Robert Moses) of the 1950s and 1960s, Jacobs argued that modernist urban planning rejects the city, because it rejects human beings living in a community characterized by layered complexity and seeming chaos. The modernist planners used deductive reasoning to find principles by which to plan cities. Among these policies the most violent was urban renewal; the most prevalent was and is the separation of uses (i.e. residential, industrial, commercial). These policies, she claimed, destroy communities and innovative economies by creating isolated, unnatural urban spaces. Read more – Shopping-Enabled Wikipedia on Amazon

In the article: Bibliography

Review

“The most refreshing, provacative, stimulating and exciting study of this [great problem] which I have seen. It fairly crackles with bright honesty and common sense.”—Harrison Salisbury, The New York Times”One of the most remarkable books ever written about the city… a primary work. The research apparatus is not pretentious—it is the eye and the heart—but it has given us a magnificent study of what gives life and spirit to the city.”—William H. Whyte, author of The Organization Man