Digital Ground, Malcolm McCullough, 2004

Preface
Introduction
Part I: Expectations

1 Interactive Futures
2 Embodied Predispositions
3 Habitual Contexts

Part II: Technologies

4 Embedded Gear
5 Location Models
6 Situated Types

Typology(of situated interactions)
fig 6.2 One set of situational types

at work

1. Deliberating (places for thinking)
2. Presenting (places for speaking to groups)
3. Collaborating (places for working within groups)
4. Dealing (places for negotiating)
5. Documenting (places for reference resources)
6. Officiating (places for institutions to serve their constituencies)
7. Crafting (places for skilled practice)
8. Associating (places where businesses form ecologies)
9. Learning (places for experiments and explanations)
10. Cultivating (places for stewardship)
11. Watching (places for monitoring)

at home

12. Sheltering (places with comfortable climate)
13. Recharging (places for maintaining the body)
14. Idling (restful places for watching the world go by)
15. Confining (places to be held in)
16. Servicing (places with local support networks)
17. Meeting (places where services flow incrementally)

on the town

18. Eating, drinking, talking (places for socializing)
19. Gathering (places to meet)
20. Cruising (places for seeing and being seen)
21. Belonging (places for insiders)
22. Shopping (places for recreational retailing)
23. Sporting (places for embodied play)
24. Attending (places for cultural productions)
25. Commemorating (places for ritual)

on the road

26. Gazing/ touring (places to visit)
27. Hoteling (places to be at home away from home)
28. Adventuring (places for embodied challenge)
29. Driving (car as place)
30. Walking (places at human scale)

Part III: Practices

7 Designing Interactions
8 Grounding Places

Why Ground?
Place and Space pp175

Yi-Fu-Tuan: “Space is movement, place is rest”/ Space is the anxiety of global indifference; place is the comfort of local malleability
Architectural phenomenologist Norberg-Schulz “Space is alienation; place is identification
Urban planner Edward Relph “Space is an ordering of understanding; place is an ordering of experience“

Place and Placelessness
Place and Community p181

1
city walls
rusticated
2
Edward Relph, place and placelessness. 1976

“Places are defined less by unique locations, landscape, and communities than by the focusing of experiences and intention onto particular settings”.p141

thus while we can speak of the identity of a place, we must also admit identification with a place.
Space lies outside the walls, or outside the social sphere, but the experiences of place occur inside these seen and unseen boundaries.

High-Tech Nomads
Service Ecologies p186
Getting into Place: Architecture, Interaction, and Ground

9 Accumulating Value

Value Emerges from Interactions
Value Itself
Utilitarian Value
Economism and Placelessness
Expanding the Measures
Context as Capital
Value as Impetus

Part IV: Epilogue

10 Going Native

Notes
Further Reading
References

Lawrence Halprin

Wikipedia

Halprin’s work is marked by his attention to human scale, user experience, and the social impact of his designs, in the egalitarian tradition of Frederick Law Olmsted. Halprin was the creative force behind the interactive, ‘playable’ civic fountains most common in the 1970s, an amenity which continues to greatly contribute to the pedestrian social experience in Portland Oregon, where “Ira’s Fountain” is loved and well-used, and which has been a chronic failure at the transient-ridden United Nations Plaza in San Francisco.

In his best work, he construed landscape architecture as narrative.

from

Rainey, Reuben M. (2001). “The Garden as Narrative: Lawrence Halprin’s Frankllin Delano Roosevelt Memorial,” in Places of Commemoration : Search for Identity and Landscape Design, pp. 377-413.

Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial

http://d.hatena.ne.jp/caesar-blanca/20101219/p1

http://blog.enviro-studio.net/?eid=85

Situated Technologies

http://www.situatedtechnologies.net/

Light for Cities, Urrike Brandi et al, 2007

AMAZON

Foreword
Introduction
1. Process

Concept Development
Efficiency and Performance Profiles
Implementation
Lamps and Luminaires

2. Typology

Traveling by Car

Main roads and side streets
Bridges
Roundabouts
Traffic signals
Multi-storey car parks
Car parks
Petrol(gas) stations
Stop and go
P70

On Foot

Squares
Footpaths and sidewalks
Trees
Facades and illuminated advertising
Shop windows
Underground stations
Boulevards

Design Principles and Technologies

3. Completed Scheme
4. Developments

Light and Shadow in the Public Realm: Past and Present

Appendix
Bibliography
Imprint

Urban Open Space: Table1: A Typology of Urban Open Spaces

P6 A Typology of Urban Open Spaces

Type/Subtype

Characteristics

Public Parks

Public/Central Park	Publicly developed and managed open space as part of zoned open space system of city; open space of city-wide importance; often larger than neighborhood park
Downtown Parks	Green parks with grass and trees located in downtown areas; can be traditional, historic parks or newly developed open spaces.
Commons	A large green area developed in order New England cities and towns; once pasture area for common use; now used for leisure activities.
Neighborhood Park	Open space developed in residential environments; publicly developed and managed as part of the zoned open space of cities, or as private residential development; may include playgrounds, sport facilities, etc.
Mini/Vestpocket Park	Small urban park bounded by buildings; may include fountain or water feature.

Squares and Plazas

Central Square

Square or plaza; often part of historic development of city center; may be formally planed or exist as meeting places of streets; frequently publicly developed and managed.

Memorials

—	Public place that memorializes people or events of local and national importance.

Markets

Farmers Markets

Open space or streets used for farmers markets or flea markets; often temporary or occur only during certain times in existing space such as parks, downtown streets or parking lots.

Streets

Pedestrian Sidewalks
Pedestrian Mall
Transit Mall
Traffic Restricted Streets
Town Trails

Playgrounds

Playground
School yard

Community Open Spaces

Community Garden/Park

Greenways and Linear Parkways

—

Urban Wilderness

—

Atrium / Indoor Marketplaces

Atrium
Marketplace / Downtown Shopping Center

Found / Neighborhood Spaces

Everyday Spaces
Neighborhood Spaces

Waterfronts

Waterfronts, Harbors, Beaches, Riverfronts, Piers, Lakefronts

Art, space and the city: public art and urban futures, Malcolm Miles, 1997

Preface?

A duality emerges between public art which is bound by the aesthetics of the object, and art as a continuous, participatory process of social criticism.
Two roles for art are suggested:

as decoration within a re-visioned field of urban design in which the needs of users are central,
and as a social process of criticism and engagement, defining the public realm not as public sites but as complex fields of public interest. The tension between these positions is creative.

Evaluation Mentioned

4: The contradictions of Public Art

Page 59:

Selwood, The Benefits of Public Art, 1995
ref 25: A particular problem is the lack of a tested methodology for either qualitative or quantitative evaluation, though this could be developed from the skills of market researchers; more important is the definition of what constitutes a benefit to society.

Page 68:

(first mentioned The Strategy for Public Art in Cardiff Bay,1990) ..we could contrast Visual Dallas (Dallas, 1987), which begins with an evaluation of the city, and the importance for its ‘livability’ of good public space, citing W.H.Whyte (perhaps ‘The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces’,1980)

Page 76: Evaluation

Project for Public Spaces, NPO

http://www.pps.org/

Digital Place Making (Blog Article)

http://www.pps.org/blog/digital-placemaking-authentic-civic-engagement/